Friday

07-25-2025 Vol 2032

谁资助海外天然气项目?中国与主要多边开发银行的融资比较

图片源于:https://www.bu.edu/gdp/2022/06/10/who-funds-overseas-gas-projects-comparing-development-finance-from-china-and-major-multilateral-development-banks/

随着对煤电的公共融资结束,许多多边开发银行(MDBs)正在努力将融资活动转向其他化石燃料,包括天然气。 在过去,当多边开发银行逐渐远离某些类型的能源项目时,中国成为了海外水电和煤炭开发的最大公共融资者,有时甚至成为最后贷款者。

近期,中国在高层承诺下已结束对大多数海外煤炭开发的支持,但如果多边开发银行逐渐远离天然气融资,中国的政策银行是否会填补这一空白呢?

一份新的政策简报探讨了2008年至2021年间中国和八个主要多边开发银行对海外天然气项目的融资及承诺,比较了政策框架的范围以及发展融资的规模和组成。

根据数据显示:

中国不太可能填补多边开发银行的天然气融资空白:国内驱动因素将可能限制中国对海外天然气的开发融资,因此中国不太可能弥补多边开发银行留下的资金缺口。然而,由于政策不明确,中国仍有可能参与海外天然气开发。

根据统计数据,2008至2021年间,中国政策银行和八个多边开发银行承诺为天然气基础设施项目提供近1120亿美元的融资。 海外天然气贷款在2016年达到了高峰,那一年,多边开发银行和中国政策银行为超过162亿美元的项目融资,主要是由中国对单一项目的融资推动。此后,2017年至2021年新贷款整体下降。

在对比多边开发银行和中国政策银行的海外天然气融资时,数据表明,八个多边开发银行融资的气体相关基础设施高达637亿美元,而中国政策银行仅为478亿美元。此外,多边开发银行的融资较为稳定,而中国的融资每年波动较大。

在八个多边开发银行中,资产规模最大的欧洲投资银行是最大的天然气贷款方,自2008年至2021年间融资375亿美元。

就地理分布而言,多边开发银行和中国政策银行的大部分融资流向了欧洲和中亚国家,占2008年至2021年融资发放的77%。中东和北非作为次要目标区域,仅获得了9%的融资,且完全依赖于多边开发银行。

在不同子行业的关注方面,中国政策银行和多边开发银行侧重点各异。中国政策银行近47%的海外贷款用于勘探和开发项目,而多边开发银行则将略超过一半的资金用于运输、分配和储存。多边开发银行还为能源效率项目提供了少量贷款,而中国政策银行则根本没有资助能源效率项目。这可能与两者在承诺和政策框架上的差异有关,因为大多数多边开发银行对与勘探和开发相关的上游天然气开发施加了限制。

在发电子行业方面,多边开发银行为天然气燃煤电厂融资超过170亿美元,而中国政策银行仅提供了30亿美元的融资。相较于发电项目,中国政策银行在2008年至2021年期间为气体化工相关项目融资的金额更高,达到49亿美元。

在比较承诺和政策框架方面,中国政策银行与多边开发银行在海外天然气融资上共享一些相似性,特别是相对于煤炭而言。

总体而言,作者认为,多边开发银行和中国政策银行的政策将对未来天然气融资的发展轨迹产生重要影响。然而,与煤炭不同的是,主要多边开发银行在天然气融资方面,无论是上游还是下游,都没有采取统一的做法,而中国在海外天然气开发上也没有明确的立场。

Yunlong Zheng

Zheng Yun Long is a seasoned journalist with a deep passion for reporting on the latest developments in international politics, economics, and culture. He was born and raised in China, where he developed an early interest in current events and news reporting. Zheng went on to earn a degree in journalism from a leading Chinese university before embarking on a successful career in the media industry. After working for several years in China's top news organizations, Zheng made the decision to move to the United States to further his career and gain valuable experience covering global events from an international perspective. He is currently employed by USChinaDaily, one of the largest and most respected news outlets in China, as a correspondent based in New York City. Throughout his career, Zheng has distinguished himself as a dedicated and insightful journalist, with a keen eye for detail and a deep understanding of the issues facing the world today. He has covered a wide range of topics, from the latest developments in US-China relations to breaking news events around the globe. His reporting is characterized by a commitment to accuracy, impartiality, and fairness, and he has earned a reputation as a trusted source of information and analysis. In addition to his work as a journalist, Zheng is also deeply committed to promoting cross-cultural understanding and fostering strong ties between China and the United States. He believes that through open and honest communication, people from different backgrounds can come to understand and appreciate one another, and build a better future for all. Zheng's work has been widely recognized and praised by his peers in the media industry, as well as by readers and viewers around the world. He has received numerous awards and honors for his reporting, including several from China's top journalism associations, and he is widely regarded as one of the most talented and dedicated journalists of his generation.